Adapting the engineering design process to develop a business model for service-oriented Living Labs: a case study of PISCES

This paper explores how a modified engineering design process can help transform a Living Lab from a project-based initiative into a self-sustaining service enterprise. Through a four-day interdisciplinary workshop held in Banyuwangi, Indonesia, researchers and practitioners used a structured design-thinking approach to co-create a Business Model Canvas for the PISCES Living Lab — blending engineering rigour with business model innovation. The study demonstrates that integrating systematic design methods with business planning can offer a replicable template for developing viable, service-oriented Living Labs that support long-term impact on plastic pollution challenges.